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Button spider is a common name used in southern Africa to refer to local members of the spider genus, ''Latrodectus'', the family Theridiidae. These spiders are also known as widow spiders elsewhere in the world. There are approximately six ''Latrodectus'' species found in southern Africa--five of them native, one is possibly imported. Venom All species of ''Latrodectus'' are venomous to man, their bite constitutes a medical emergency. Envenomation by these spiders can be fatal to children and ill or infirm adults. Ordinarily, the body mass of a healthy adult is sufficient to dilute the venom to less than a fatal concentration. In most species, only the female spider is capable of effectively delivering the venom to humans as the males have much smaller chelicera. Although rarely fatal, the symptoms of the bite are often incredibly painful and medical attention is recommended following any Latrodectus species bite, as complications relating to the bite can arise. Treatment of bites is usually supportive, administering opiates for pain and benzodiazepines for spasms. An antidote is available in South Africa for the bites of both L. indistinctus and L. geometricus, however it is only used for severe cases of envenomation due to its potentially severe side effects.〔 url = http://ewhighered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0071437630/358186/goldfrank_toxicology_chap115a.pdf〕 Individuals who are allergic to the venom may also require epinephrine or diphenhydramine to treat subsequent anaphylaxis. The Button spider Family The species are informally divided into two groups, based on their color: The black button spiders are black in color (and generally adorned with red dorsal markings), and include the following species: * ''L. cinctus'' (east coast button spider) * ''L. indistinctus'' (west coast button spider) * ''L. karooensis'' (karoo button spider) * ''L. renivulvatus'' (inland button spider) All of these spiders are native to southern Africa. The brown button spiders are lighter in color than the black button spiders; there are two brown button species: * ''L. geometricus'' (house button spider) * ''L. rhodesienses'' (Zimbabwe button spider) ''L. geometricus'' is found in many parts of the world (including in the United States where it is known as the brown widow spider); it is unknown where this species' origins are. ''L. rhodesienses'' is native to Africa. Both brown button species have the famed hourglass markings of the black widow on their abdomens, but are generally lighter in color. The brown button spiders' venom is less toxic to humans than the venom of the black buttons. ==References== 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「button spider」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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